1. Textile fiber
01 Definition
Fiber is a natural or synthetic filament-like substance, and textile fiber refers to the fiber used to weave cloth.
02 Textile fiber characteristics
Textile fibers have certain length, fineness, elasticity, strength and other good physical properties. It also has good chemical stability. For example, natural fibers such as cotton, wool, silk, and hemp are ideal textile fibers.
03 Textile fiber classification
Natural fibers and chemical fibers
① Natural fibers include plant fibers, animal fibers and mineral fibers.
A Plant fibers such as cotton, hemp, and fruit fibers.
B Animal fibers such as wool, wool, and silk.
C Mineral fibers such as: asbestos.
②Chemical fibers include regenerated fibers, synthetic fibers and inorganic fibers.
A Regenerated fibers such as viscose fiber and acetate fiber.
B Synthetic fibers such as: nylon, polyester, acrylic, spandex, vinylon, polypropylene, etc.
C Inorganic fibers such as glass fiber, metal fiber, etc.
04 Textile properties of common textile fibers
① Wool: good hygroscopicity, elasticity, and wearing properties, intolerant to insects, suitable for acidic and metal-binding dyes.
②Silk: good moisture absorption, breathability, gloss and wearability, suitable for acidic and direct dyes.
③Cotton: breathable, hygroscopic, good wearing performance, insect-resistant, suitable for direct reduction of azo, alkaline media, vulcanization, reactive dyes.
④Viscose fiber: hygroscopic, good air permeability, bright colors, wide source of raw materials, low cost, properties close to natural fibers, suitable for the same dyes as cotton.
⑤Polyester: Fabric, stiff, cool, good shape retention, wear-resistant, dimensional stability, easy to wash and quick-drying, suitable for disperse dyes, diazo disperse dyes, and soluble vat dyes.
⑥ Nylon: Very good wear resistance, poor air permeability, suitable for acid dyes and loose dyes.
⑦Acrylic: good fluffiness, fur-like feel, suitable for disperse dyes and cationic dyes.
2. Identification of fibers
01 Identification method
①Identification methods include hand feeling, visual inspection, combustion method, and microscope method , dissolution method, drug coloring method and infrared spectroscopy method, etc. In actual identification, it is often necessary to use multiple methods and obtain results after comprehensive analysis and research.
②The general identification steps are as follows:
A. First, use the combustion method to identify natural fibers and chemical fibers.
B. If it is a natural fiber, use microscope observation to identify various types of plant fibers and animal fibers. If it is a chemical fiber, the differences in melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, solubility and other aspects of the combined fiber can be distinguished one by one.
C. When identifying mixed fibers and blended yarns, you can generally use microscope observation to confirm that they contain several fibers, and then use appropriate methods to identify them one by one.
D. For dyed or finished fibers, dyeing stripping or other appropriate pretreatment is generally required first to ensure reliable identification results.
02 Fiber Calculation Method
①Customized Length System:
A. Tex: 1000 meters length of yarn at the public moisture regain The weight is called the special number.
Formula: TEX= (G/L) X1000
Where: G is the weight of the yarn (grams), L is the length of the yarn (meters)
B. Denier: The weight of a 9,000-meter-long silk at a given moisture regain is called denier.
Formula: NTEX= (G/L) ②Fixed weight production:
A. Male count (male count): the length in meters of 1 gram of yarn (silk).
Formula: NM (N) = L /G
In the formula: 1 is the length of the yarn (silk) (meters), G is the weight of the yarn (silk) (grams)
B. Number of British branches (English branches) ): The number of 840 yards of length of 1 pound of yarn.
Formula: NE (S) = L/(G X840)
In the formula: L is the yarn ( length (yards) of yarn (silk), G is the weight (pounds) of yarn (silk).
03 Common raw materials used in bedding
①Pure cotton yarn : 36TEX (16S), 28TEX (21S), 18X2TEX 32S/2) 15TEX 40S), 14X2TEX (42S/2), 10X2TEX (60S/2)
②Polyester yarn: 20TEX (30XS), 15TEX (40S), 13TEX (4/S)
3. Fabric weave
01 Definition
Textiles are made by each other on the loom Two vertical systems of yarns are interwoven according to certain rules, that is, the warp and weft lines sink and float with each other according to certain rules, forming certain lines and patterns on the surface of the fabric. This organization is called fabric weave.
02 Fabric weave classification
① Original weave: It is the simplest fabric weave, also known as basic weave. It includes three types: plain weave, twill weave and satin weave.
②Small pattern tissue: It is formed by the combination of the above three basic tissue changes. Such as mountain-shaped twill and sharp twill.
③Complex tissue: It also includes dual tissue (mostly woven into thick terry cloth, cotton velvet blankets, etc.), raised tissue (such as corduroy cloth), towel tissue (towel fabric), double-layer tissue (towel fabric) fabric) and leno weave.
④Large pattern weave: also called elongated weave, weaving beautiful patterns such as flowers, birds, fish, insects, birds and animals.
⑤Satin weave: The surface of the cloth is smooth but not strong, easy to scratch, and easy to fluff.
03 Density of fabric
Density refers to the number of warp and weft yarns per unit length of the finished fabric, usually expressed as the number of yarns in 10 square centimeters or 1 square inch. . Common density of bedding fabrics: 30S yarn 78*65Cloth in various colors and patterns. Such as: plain printed fabric, printed twill, printed serge, printed Zhigong.
④Yarn-dyed fabric: It is a fabric made by dyeing yarn or thread first and then weaving it on a machine, such as checked cloth, sheet cloth, flannel cloth, thread cloth, decorative cloth, etc.
03 Characteristics of pure cotton fabrics
① Hygroscopicity:
Cotton fiber has good hygroscopicity. Under normal circumstances, the fiber can It absorbs moisture from the surrounding atmosphere, and its moisture content is 8-10%, so when it contacts human skin, it makes people feel soft but not stiff. If the humidity of cotton cloth increases and the surrounding temperature is high, all the moisture contained in the fiber will evaporate and dissipate, keeping the fabric in a water balance state and making people feel comfortable.
② Moisturizing properties:
Because cotton fiber is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, the thermal conductivity coefficient is extremely low, and because cotton fiber itself has the advantages of porosity and high elasticity, there is no friction between fibers. It can accumulate a large amount of air, and air is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Therefore, pure cotton fiber textiles have good moisture retention, and wearing pure cotton fabric clothing makes people feel warm.
③Heat resistance:
Pure cotton fabrics have good heat resistance. When the temperature is below 110C, it will only cause the water on the fabric to evaporate and will not damage the fibers. Therefore, pure cotton fabrics are At room temperature, wearing, use, washing, printing and dyeing have no effect on the fabric, thus improving the washability and durability of pure cotton fabrics.
④Alkali resistance:
Cotton fiber has greater resistance to alkali. In the alkali solution, the fiber will not be damaged. This property is conducive to the prevention of pollution after consumption. It can wash, disinfect and remove impurities. It can also dye, print and process pure cotton textiles to produce more new varieties of cotton fabrics.
⑤Hygiene:
Cotton fiber is a natural fiber, its main component is cellulose, and there are also a small amount of waxy substances, nitrogen-containing substances and pectin. Pure cotton fabrics have been tested and practiced in many aspects. There is no irritation or negative effects when the fabric comes into contact with the skin. It is beneficial to the human body when worn for a long time and has good hygienic performance.
9. Man-made fiber fabrics (chemical fibers)
01 Definition
Chemical fibers are natural polymer substances or synthetic polymer substances that are processed through chemical processes The general term for textile fibers obtained through processing.
02 Classification (according to raw materials and production methods)
①Man-made fiber:
It is the largest production variety among chemical fibers. It is made of natural polymer materials containing cellulose or protein, such as wood, bagasse, reed, soybeans, cheese, etc., which are chemically and mechanically processed. For example: artificial cotton, rayon, artificial wool, tiger kapok, Fuqiang cotton.
②Synthetic fiber:
Synthetic fiber is a major category of chemical fiber. It is a by-product of the petrochemical industry and the coking industry. For example: polyester, nylon, polyester, vinylon, polypropylene, chlorine, etc. are all synthetic fibers.
10. Blended fabrics
Blended chemical fiber fabrics are textile products made of chemical fibers mixed with other natural fibers such as cotton wool, silk, linen and other natural fibers. For example: polyester cotton cloth, polyester wool gabardine, etc.
11. Key points for washing, ironing, storing and storing fabric products
1. Pay attention to maintaining the shape of key parts of clothing, such as shoulders, collars, cuffs, etc. Parts, especially hard collars finished with resin, must be brushed.
2. For fabrics with typical styles, attention should be paid to protecting their unique appearance and inner patterns, such as corduroy, velveteen, etc. When twisting, wrap the suede inside, and flatten it when drying to avoid deformation of the suede. For jacquard fabrics, do not use a hard brush to wash them vigorously to prevent yarn breakage and fluffing.
3. Cotton fabrics have good physical and chemical properties, but they should not be soaked in washing liquid for too long or exposed to the sun for too long to prevent color damage.
4. Cotton fabrics are easy to lose color. When washing, prevent cross-dying and color matching, which will affect the appearance of the fabric. </p
